FIDO Biometrics Requirements

Special acknowledgement to Michael Schuckers, St. Lawrence University, for advice regarding statistics for biometric evaluation.

1. Revision History

Line-by-line comparisons for Pull Requests can be viewed in the GitHub Repository by viewing the Pull Requests and selecting the "Closed" Pull Requests, or by adding the PR number to the end of the URL, for example, https://github.com/fido-alliance/biometrics-requirements/pull/9.

2. Introduction

This document provides implementation requirements for Vendors and Test Procedures which FIDO Accredited Biometric Laboratories can use for evaluating the biometric component of a FIDO Authenticator. The biometric component of the authenticator can be certified either as a component of the authenticator or as a separate biometric subsytem where the biometric certification can be used as input to a FIDO authenticator certification which includes the biometric subsystem. The test will focus on the passing requirements for biometric performance for the following metrics.

• False Accept Rate (FAR)

• False Reject Rate (FRR)

• Impostor Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR)

The output of this test is provided to the FIDO certification program and will be used as a component to FIDO Certified products. The data will also be incorporated in the FIDO Metadata Service (MDS).

Associated documents to this document include: FIDO Biometrics Laboratory Accreditation Policy FIDO Biometrics Certification Policy

Biometrics requirements SHALL be reviewed periodically to assess its appropriateness.

2.1. Reference Documents

The following ISO standards are normative references to this certification program:

ISO/IEC 19795-1: Information technology-Biometric performance testing and reporting-Part 1: Principles and framework. ISO/IEC, Editor (2006). ([ISOIEC-19795-1])

ISO/IEC 19795-2:2007 Information technology -- Biometric performance testing and reporting -- Part 2: Testing methodologies for technology and scenario evaluation, ISO/IEC, Editor (2007) ([ISOIEC-19795-2])

ISO/IEC 30107-1:2016 Information technology -- Biometric presentation attack detection -- Part 1: Framework,ISO/IEC, Editor, 2016 [ISOIEC30107-1]

ISO/IEC 30107-3:2017 Information technology -- Biometric presentation attack detection -- Part 3: Testing and reporting, ISO/IEC, Editor, 2017 [ISOIEC-30107-3]

ISO/IEC 2382-37:2017(en) Information technology — Vocabulary — Part 37: Biometrics

Additionally an annex has been included in the ISO/IEC 19795-9:2019 which was submitted by FIDO and is a profile for testing of mobile devices that is specific to FIDO.

ISO/IEC 19795-9:2019 Information technology — Biometric performance testing and reporting — Part 9: Testing on mobile devices, ISO/IEC, Editor (2019)

2.2. Audience

The intended audience of this document is the Certification Working Group (CWG), Biometric Assurance Subgroup, FIDO Administration, the FIDO Board of Directors, Biometric Authenticator Vendors, Biometric Subsystem Vendors and Test Labs.

The owner of this document is the Biometrics Assurance Subgroup.

2.3. FIDO Roles

Certification Working Group (CWG)

FIDO working group responsible for the approval of policy documents and ongoing maintenance of policy documents once a certification program is launched.

Biometrics Assurance Subgroup

FIDO subgroup of the CWG responsible for defining the Biometric Requirements and Test Procedures to develop the Biometrics Certification program and to act as an SME following the launch of the program.

Vendor

Party seeking certification. Responsible for providing the testing harness to perform both online and offline testing that includes enrollment system (with data capture sensor) and verification software.

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

Company whose goods are used as components in the products of another company, which then sells the finished items to users.

Laboratory

Party performing testing. Testing will be performed by third-party test laboratories Accredited by FIDO to perform Biometric Certification Testing. See also, FIDO Accredited Biometrics Laboratory.

2.4. FIDO Terms

FIDO Certified Authenticator

An Authenticator that has successfully completed FIDO Certification, and has an valid Certificate.

FIDO Accredited Biometrics Laboratory

Laboratory that has been Accredited by the FIDO Alliance to perform FIDO Biometrics Testing for the Biometrics Certification Program.

FIDO Member

A company or organization that has joined the FIDO Alliance through the Membership process.

2.5. Biometric Data and Evaluation Terms

biometric claim

claim that a biometric capture subject is or is not the bodily source of a specified or unspecified biometric reference

Note 1 to entry: A biometric claim can be made by any user of the biometric system.

Note 2 to entry: The phrase “claim of identity” is often used to label this concept.

Note 3 to entry: Claims may be positive – i.e. that the biometric capture subject is enrolled; negative – i.e. that the biometric capture subject is not enrolled , specific – i.e. that the biometric capture subject is or is not enrolled as a specified biometric enrolee; or non-specific – i.e. that the biometric capture subject (3.7.3) is or is not among the set or subset of biometric enrolees.

Note 4 to entry: Biometric claims are not necessarily made by the biometric capture subject.

Note 5 to entry: The biometric reference could be on a database, card or distributed throughout a network.

Note 6 to entry: The biometric claim must fall within the biometric system boundary. [ISOBiometrics].

FIDO related note: Notes 1 through 6 above are part of the ISO definition. In the FIDO context, a FIDO authenticator is a personal device. The biometric reference is stored locally on the device. A claim within FIDO is when a person presents themselves to their own device.

capture attempt

activity with the intent of producing a captured biometric sample Note 1 to entry: The capture attempt is the interface between the presentation by the biometric capture subject and the action of the biometric capture subsystem. Note 2 to entry: The “activity” taken may be on the part of the biometric capture subsystem or the biometric capture subject [ISOBiometrics].

capture transaction

one or more capture attempts with the intent of acquiring all of the biometric data from a biometric capture subject (3.7.3) necessary to produce either a biometric reference or a biometric probe [ISOBiometrics].

False Accept Rate (FAR)

The proportion of verification transactions with wrongful claims of identity that are incorrectly confirmed. See Section 4.6.6 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

False Reject Rate (FRR)

The proportion of verification transactions with truthful claims of identity that are incorrectly denied. See Section 4.6.5 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Failure-to-Aquire Rate (FTA)

Proportion of verification or identification attempts for which the system fails to capture or locate an image or signal of sufficient quality. See Section 4.6.2 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Failure-to-Enrol Rate (FTE)

proportion of the population for whom the system fails to complete the enrolment process See Section 4.6.1 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Impostor Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR)

proportion of impostor attack presentations using the same PAI species that result in accept. See [ISOIEC-30107-3].

Sample

User’s biometric measures as output by the data capture subsystem. See Section 4.1.1 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Template

User’s stored reference measure based on features extracted from enrollment samples. See Section 4.1.3 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Target of Evaluation (TOE)

The product or system that is the subject of the evaluation. See the TOE section in this document.

Presentation

Submission of a single biometric sample on the part of a user. See Section 4.2.1 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Attempt

Submission of one (or a sequence of) biometric samples to the system. See Section 4.2.2 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Transaction

Sequence of attempts on the part of a user for the purposes of an enrollment, verification, or identification. See Section 4.2.3 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Genuine Attempt

Single good-faith attempt by a user to match their own stored template. See Section 4.2.4 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Zero-Effort Impostor Attempt

Attempt in which an individual submits his/her own biometric characteristics as if he/she were attempting successful verification against his/her own template, but the comparison is made against the template of another user See Section 4.2.5 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Online

Pertaining to execution of enrollment and matching at the time of image or signal submission. See Section 4.4.4 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Offline

Pertaining to execution of enrollment and matching separately from image or signal submission. See Section 4.4.5 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Verification

Application in which the user makes a positive claim to an identity, features derived from the submitted sample biometric measure are compared to the enrolled template for the claimed identity, and accept or reject decision regarding the identity claim is returned. See Section 4.5.1 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Stored Verification Transaction

A set of acquired biometric verification sample(s) from an on-line verification transaction, which is stored for use in off-line verification.

Presentation attack instrument (PAI)

Biometric characteristic or object used in a presentation attack, in [ISOIEC30107-1].

PAI species

Class of presentation attack instruments created using a common production method and based on different biometric characteristics, in [ISOIEC-30107-3].

verification attempt

biometric claim and capture attempt(s) that together provide the inputs for comparison(s) Note 1 to entry: The term comparison refers to comparison in the biometric sense. [ISOBiometrics]

verification transaction

one or more verification attempts resulting in resolution of a biometric claim [ISOBiometrics]

2.6. Statistical Terms

Arithmetic Mean

The average of a set of numerical values, calculated by adding them together and dividing by the number of terms in the set.

Variance

V. Measure of the spread of a statistical distribution. See Section 4.7.3 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Confidence Interval

A lower estimate L and an upper estimate U for a parameter such as x such that the probability of the true value of x being between L and U is the stated value (e.g. 80%). See Section 4.8.2 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

2.7. Personnel Terms

Test Subject

User whose biometric data is intended to be enrolled or compared as part of the evaluation. See Section 4.3.2 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Note: For the purposes of this document, multiple fingers up to four fingers from one individual may be considered as different test subjects. Two eyes from one individual may be considered as different test subjects.

Test Crew

Set of test subjects gathered for an evaluation. See Section 4.3.3 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Target Population

Set of users of the application for which performance is being evaluated. See Section 4.3.4 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

Test Operator

Individual with function in the actual system. See Section 4.3.6 in [ISOIEC-19795-1].

2.8. Key Words

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

• SHALL indicates an absolute requirement, as does MUST.

• SHALL NOT indicates an absolute prohibition, as does MUST NOT.

• SHOULD indicates a recommendation.

• MAY indicates an option.

2.9. Document Structure

This document outlines the Requirements and Test Procedures for the FIDO Biometrics Certification Program.

2.10. Target of Evaluation

The Target of Evaluation (TOE) for the purpose of the FIDO Biometric Certification Program SHALL include all functionality required for biometrics: the Biometric Data Capture, Signal Processing, Comparison, and Decision functionality, whether implemented in hardware or software.

A TOE SHALL be provided for each Allowed Integration, e.g. different thickness of glass.

The Allowed Integration Document SHALL be provided for reference to the Laboratory. It SHALL be coherent with the configuration and operation of the Test Harness. While the allowed integration document may follow a different structure, the laboratory shall ensure that the information that is required by the template for the Allowed Integration Document ([BiometricAIDTempate]) is present.

Also, the laboratory shall ensure that the descriptions of the allowed steps for integration and the expected environment of the TOE in the allowed integration document does not contain aspects that may negatively interfere with the functionality of the biometric component. As an example: If a developer would allow to add protective covers over a camera system, the laboratory shall ensure that those covers do not have a negative impact to the functionality of the biometric component. While this analysis can primarily be performed on a theoretical basis, the laboratory shall perform testing if a conclusion cannot be reached by theoretical means.

The environment under which the TOE operates SHALL also be described as part of the Allowed Integration Document. More details are provided in Test Environment.

Relevant product identification which can be referenced by both Biometrics supplier and OEM SHALL also be provided. The test results will be announced for the uniquely identified product.

The TOE SHALL be provided to the Laboratory from the Vendor in the form of a Common Test Harness which is set up to offer practical possibility for the Laboratory to perform the testing efficiently and identify the components of the Test Harness as being of the TOE.

3. Requirements

3.1. FIDO Biometric Performance Levels

The FIDO Biometric Certification Program uses False Reject Rate (FRR) and False Accept Rate (FAR) to measure Biometric Performance and is further described in the next sections. The FAR and FRR are defined in terms of verification transactions.

Note: Requirements for performance levels for FAR and FRR take into account that vendors who seek to achieve certification through independent testing likely develop their system stricter than the target requirements. This is to ensure that they pass certification, due to the inherent variability that occurs in any test. In other words, if a requirement is set at X%, vendors will target much stricter than X% to ensure that they do not risk not passing due to variability from one test to the next.

3.1.1. Verification Transactions

The Allowed Integration Document provided by the vendor establishes the details of what constitutes a verification transaction (maximum number of verification attempts and timeout period) for a TOE, following the definitions for verification attempt and verification transaction provided in Biometric Data and Evaluation Terms. The end of a verification transaction SHALL be the point at which an accept or reject decision is made by the biometric subsystem. A transaction SHOULD NOT exceed 30 seconds.

Note: Following the definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-37:2017(en) and provided in Biometric Data and Evaluation Terms, a verification attempt results in a biometric comparison while a verification transaction results in a resolution of biometric claim (accept or reject). The ISO definition of a verification transaction is often commonly thought of as a successful attempt that leads to a decision and not a failure to acquire. Vendors SHALL define a verification transaction at the point when the TOE provides a response to the user of accept or reject. This MAY involve one or more attempts. For example, for fingerprint recognition, verification attempts may include a user being asked to place the fingerprint again if the finger is wet, prior to making a decision. In another example, verification attempts may include a biometric system capturing multiple images in series, prior to making a decision.

Note: In the biometric certification testing, we test the biometric subsystem at the verification transaction level. Once a biometric component is integrated into a FIDO authenticator, a user verification decision for the purposes of FIDO authentication may involve multiple biometric verification transactions. For example, a FIDO authenticator may allow five biometric verification transactions and then switch to a fall-back authentication method, e.g., another biometric or a PIN or password.

3.1.2. False Reject Rate (FRR)

Requirement

False Reject Rate SHALL meet the requirement of less than 5:100 for the upper bound of a 80% confidence interval. FRR is measured at the verification transaction level.

The actual achieved FRR SHALL be documented by the laboratory. Requirememts on reporting can be found in section Reporting Requirements.

The threshold, or operational point, SHALL be fixed during testing. It is set by the Vendor and SHALL correspond to the claimed False Accept Rate (FAR) value to be tested.

FRR SHALL be estimated by the equation given in [ISOIEC-19795-1], 8.3.2.

The calculation of FRR SHALL be based on:

FRR (%) = (Number of genuine transactions for which decision is reject or FTA happens for all attempts ) / (Number of genuine transactions conducted) * 100

All errors encountered during the testing, specifically FTA, SHALL be recorded according to [ISOIEC-19795-2], 7.3.

3.1.3. False Accept Rate (FAR)

Requirement

False Accept Rate SHALL meet the requirement of less than 1:10,000 for the upper bound of a 80% confidence interval. FAR is measured at the transaction level.

FAR SHALL be estimated as follows (see also [ISOIEC-19795-1], 8.3.3.)

The false accept rate is the expected proportion of zero-effort non-genuine transactions that will be incorrectly accepted. A transaction may consist of one or more non-genuine attempts depending on the decision policy.

The false accept rate SHALL be estimated as the proportion (or weighted proportion) of recorded zero-effort impostor transactions that were incorrectly accepted.

Note: Please note that for the weighted proportion of recorded zero-effort impostor transactions the weights will be equal for each user as there will always be 5 impostor transactions per enrolled user.

The false accept rate will depend on the decision policy, the matching decision threshold, and any threshold for sample quality. The false accept rate SHALL be reported with these details, alongside the estimated false reject rate at the same values, (or plotted against the false reject rate at the same threshold(s) in an ROC or DET curve).

FAR is computed through offline testing based on enrollment templates and verification samples collected during online testing.

The vendor provides an SDK which inputs an enrollment template and a stored verification transaction and which returns the decision to “accept” or “reject”. Each decision used in computing the FAR is based on an inter-person (between person) combinations of an enrollment template and samples stored during verification.

The actual achieved FAR SHALL be documented by the laboratory, together with all other information about the test as per [ISOIEC-19795-1] and [ISOIEC-19795-2].

The threshold, or operational point, SHALL be fixed during testing. It is set by the Vendor. The threshold SHALL be the same as the threshold used for FRR.

The maximum number of attempts allowed per verification transaction SHALL be fixed during testing. It is set by the Vendor.

Limitation

For the purposes of this test, the definition of verification attempts and transactions defined in false reject rate on-line testing SHALL be used for each off-line verification transaction.

The calculation of FAR SHALL be based on the following equation:

FAR (%) = (Number of zero-effort imposter transactions for which decision is Accept) / (Number of zero-effort imposter transactions conducted) * 100

A false accept error SHALL be declared if the stored verification transaction results in a match decision. Since FAR is calculated off-line based on previously stored verification transaction, Failure to Acquire SHALL NOT be considered in computation of FAR.

Option

A Vendor MAY at their choice claim lower FAR than the 1:10,000 requirement set by FIDO. The procedures for submitted test data SHALL follow methods described in Self-Attestation FAR (Optional).

Note: The FAR is an error that is related to a zero effort impostor, where the attacker will spend no effort in order to be recognised as a different individual but simply uses their own biometric characteristic. This metric does not provide any information on how the TOE would behave in cases where an attacker mounts a dedicated attack.

3.1.4. Self-Attestation FAR (Optional)

Self-attestation for FAR is optional. If the vendor chooses self-attestation for FAR, the following requirement applies. The vendor SHALL attest to an FAR of [1:25,000 or 1:50,000 or 1:75,000 or 1:100,000] at an FRR of 5% or less. This claim SHALL be supported by test data as described in Self Attestation (Optional) and documented through a report submitted from the Vendor to the Laboratory. The Laboratory SHALL validate the report follows FIDO requirements described in Self Attestation (Optional) and supports the claim. The laboratory SHALL compare the FAR bootstrap distribution generated as a result of the independent testing and determine if it is consistent with the self-attestation value. The arithmetic mean of the bootstrap distribution SHALL be less than or equal to the self-attestation value. If this is not met, the self-attestation value SHALL NOT be added to the meta-data.

3.1.5. Self-Attestation FRR (Optional)

Self-attestation for FRR is optional. If the vendor chooses self-attestation for FRR, the following requirement applies. The vendor SHALL attest to an FRR at no greater than 5% as measured when determining the self-attested FAR. In other words, self attestation for FRR is only possible when self attesting for FAR. This claim SHALL be supported by test data as described in Self-Attestation (Optional) and documented through a report submitted from the Vendor to the Laboratory. The Laboratory SHALL validate the report follows FIDO requirements described in Self-Attestation (Optional) and supports the claim. The laboratory SHALL compare the FRR measured as a result of the independent testing and determine if it is consistent with the self-attestation value. The FRR measurement SHALL be less than or equal to the self-attestation value. If this is not met, the self-attestation value SHALL NOT be added to the meta-data.

3.1.6. Maximum Number of Templates from Multiple Fingers

Requirement

If a subject enrolls multiple fingers (e.g. index and thumb) and uses them interchangeably (i.e. one OR another), the FAR increases where the FAR for two fingers enrolled is approximately twice the FAR for one finger enrolled. This section describes the process such that a biometric system can be certified to operate with two or more enrolled fingers. Other biometric modalities where this may apply are described in notes below.

If the analysis below is not performed, the maximum number of templates SHALL default to one.

The vendor SHALL declare the maximum number of different fingers which can be enrolled. The FAR associated with Multiple Templates (FAR_MT) SHALL be calculated according to the following and SHALL not be greater than 1:10,000.

FAR_MT =1 - ( (1-FAR_SA)^B )

B=Max # Templates FAR_SA=Self-attested FAR verified by FIDO according to Section Self-Attestation FAR (Optional).

At the time of FIDO authenticator certification, the maximum number of templates which meet the FAR requirement MAY be be stored in the meta-data and SHALL NOT be greater than maximum number verified during biometric certification, according to above. Self-attested FAR in the meta-data SHALL be based on the single template FAR.

Note: Some iris systems may enroll each eye separately and allow successful verification even if only one eye is presented. Eyes can be considered in place of fingers for this section, if applicable to the TOE.

Note: The same process may be used for other modalities which have a similar property, i.e., where multiple parts of the body can be used interchangeably, e.g. palm veins for right and left hand. The vendor SHALL submit how this property may apply the modality of the TOE. The FIDO lab SHALL use the same process to assess maximum number of templates.

3.2. FIDO Presentation Attack Detection Criteria

The requirement for IAPAR takes into account that vendors who seek to achieve certification through independent testing likely develop their system stricther than the target requirements. This is to ensure that they pass certification, due to the inherent variability that occurs in any test. In other words, if a requirement is set at X%, vendors will target much stricter than X% to ensure that they do not risk not passing due to variability from one test to the next.

3.2.1. Impostor Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR)

Requirement Each of the selected six Level A PAI species SHALL achieve an IAPAR of less than 7%. Each of the selected six selected Level B PAI species SHALL achieve an IAPAR of less than 7%. Levels A and B are defined in Test Procedures for Presentation Attack Detection (PAD)

The actual achieved IAPAR for each PAI species SHALL be documented by the laboratory, together with all other information about the test.

The threshold, or operational point, SHALL be fixed during testing. It is set by the Vendor and SHALL correspond to the claimed False Accept Rate (FAR) value to be tested.

Limitation

The PAI SHALL be presented until the end of the verification transaction (when a decision is made). An accept or match results in an error.

IAPAR (%) = ((Number of Imposter Presentation Attack Transactions for which Decision is Accept) / (Total Number of Imposter Presentation Attack Transactions Conducted)) *100

IAPAR SHALL be calculated for each PAI Species. All errors encountered during the testing SHALL be recorded according to [ISOIEC-19795-2], 7.3.

Note: A verification transaction ends when a decision is made. One or more failures to acquire may occur prior to a decision. The verification transaction (maximum number of verification attempts and timeout period) for a TOE is defined in the Allowed Integration Document as described in Verification Transactions. A failure to acquire for an impostor presentation attack transaction does not count as an error, as some systems may produce a failure to acquire in response to a presentation attack.

Note: ISO/IEC 30107-3:2017 defines the metric as Imposter Attack Presentation Match Rate (IAPMR). A correction is currently pending publication for ISO 30107-3 which changes the name to Imposter Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR) such that it is consistent with biometric performance metrics.

3.2.2. Rate Limits

Additional requirements in the FIDO Authenticator Security Requirements may impact the biometric TOE under evaluation herein. Those are tested as part of FIDO Authenticator Certification. As part of these requirements, FIDO Authenticators are required to rate-limit user verification attempts according to FIDO Authenticator Security Requirements, Requirement 3.9. For the purposes of biometric certification testing, rate limiting SHOULD be turned off and the test laboratory SHALL limit the number of attempts per transaction to five.

4. Common Test Harness

For each operating point to be evaluated, the Vendor SHALL provide a biometric system component of the FIDO authenticator which has at a minimum:

1. Configurable Enrollment system which:
   1. Selects the operating point(s) to be evaluated.
   2. Has enrollment hardware / software as will be executed by the FIDO authenticator.
   3. Includes a biometric data capture sensor and enrollment software.
   4. Can clear an enrollment.
   5. Can store an enrollment from acquired biometric sample(s) for use in on-line verification evaluation.
   6. Can provide enrollment templates from acquired biometric sample(s) defined as “user’s store reference measure based on features extracted from enrollment samples” for use in off-line verification evaluation.
   7. Indicates a failure to enroll ([ISOIEC-19795-1], 4.6.1)
2. Configurable Verification on-line system which:
   1. Selects the operating point(s) to be evaluated.
   2. Has verification hardware / software as will be executed by the FIDO authenticator.
   3. Includes a biometric data capture sensor, a biometric matcher, and a decision module.
   4. Captures features from an acquired biometric sample to be compared against an enrollment template.
   5. Makes accept/reject decision at a specific operating point.
   6. Indicates an on-line failure to acquire ([ISOIEC-19795-1], 4.6.2).
   7. Indicates an on-line decision(accept or reject).
   8. Provides the decisive sample(s) of an online verification transaction, i.e., all data used to make the verification transaction decision (this is called a stored verification transaction). This will be used for off-line verification.
3. Configurable Verification off-line software, which:
   1. Selects the operating point(s) to be evaluated.
   2. Has verification software as will be executed by the FIDO authenticator.
   3. Accepts an enrollment template and the stored verification transaction and performs matching in off-line batch mode.
   4. Provides a decision (accept or reject).
4. logging capabilities, which:
   1. Record every interaction with the TOE.
   2. Allow the tester to manually addd interactions (e.g. the fact that a tester just cleaned the sensor device)

   Note: For Enrollment, some vendors MAY use multiple samples per test subject (e.g. multiple impressions for a single finger). A enrollment template can be based on multiple stored samples. This SHOULD be opaque to the tester.

   Note: For a Stored Verification Transaction, the Test Harness SHALL store all attempts in a transaction. This will be used for off-line verification testing.

   4.1. Security Guidelines

   For security purposes, provided enrollment templates and verification transactions should be confidentiality and data authentication protected using cryptographic algorithms listed within the FIDO Authenticator Allowed Cryptography List. The lab SHALL report to FIDO the process used to help assure TOE consistency and security.

   Note: For example, only the vendor and FIDO Accredited Laboratory should have the ability to decrypt this information. To help assure TOE consistency, the vendor could use different keys to protect/authenticate the data collected from each tested allowed integration. The test result data specific to particular combinations of operating points and integrations could include that configuration information within the authentication.

   5. Test Procedures for FAR/FRR

   Biometric Performance Testing SHALL be completed by using the Scenario Test approach, an evaluation in which the end-to-end system performance is determined in a prototype or simulated application. See Section 4.4.2 in ([ISOIEC-19795-1]).

   Testing shall be perfomed using the Common Test Harness defined in Common Test Harness.

   5.1. Test Crew

   The Test Crew is the Test Subjects gathered for evaluation.

   5.1.1. Number of Subjects

   The minimum number of subjects for a test SHALL be 245, based on [ISOIEC-19795-1] and associated analysis in the Statistics and Test Size section of this document.

   For fingerprint, up to four different fingers from a single person can be considered as different test subjects. For the fingerprint biometrics, these SHALL be constrained to the index, thumb, or middle fingers, and SHALL be the same as was used for enrollment. A minimum of 123 unique persons SHALL be in the test crew.

   Note: Having 123 test subjects will only require the use of 2 fingerprints per test subject at minimum. Allowing 4 fingers per test subject should allow the laboratory to acquire additional data if needed. It also allows to better align the test results of the laboratory with the test results of a potential self attestation.

   For eye-based biometrics, both the left and right eye can be considered as two different test subjects. A minimum of 123 unique persons SHALL be in the test crew.

   Note: Two eyes cannot be considered as different test subjects if both eyes are enrolled at one time.

   In the event there is an enrollment failure according to Enrollment Transaction Failures, an additional Subject SHALL be enrolled for each enrollment failure.

   5.1.2. Population

   The population SHALL be experienced with the TOE in general and SHALL be given a possibility to try and acquaint themselves with the TOE before starting to enroll and prior to performing verification transactions. The population SHALL be motivated to succeed in their interaction with the TOE and they SHALL perform a large number of interactions with the TOE during a short period of time.

   The population SHALL be representative of the target market in relationship to age and gender. Age and gender recommendations are taken from [ISOIEC-19795-5] for access control applications (Section 5.5.1.2 and 5.5.1.3). The following targets SHALL be used for age and gender. Minor deviations from these numbers may be acceptable if agreed by the FIDO biometric secretariat.

   5.1.2.1. Age

   Age Distribution Requirements

   Age	Distribution
   < 18	0%
   18-30	25-40%
   31-50	25-40%
   51-70	25-40%
   > 70	0%

   5.1.2.2. Gender

   Gender Distribution Requirements

   Gender	Distribution
   Male	40-60%
   Female	40-60%

   Note: As indicated in [ISOIEC-19795-1], ideally, the test subjects SHOULD be chosen at random from a population that is representative of the people who will use the system in the real application environment. In some cases, however, the test subjects do not accurately represent the real-world users. If the test crew comes from the vendor’s employee population, they MAY differ significantly from the target users in terms of educational level, cultural background, and other factors that can influence the performance with the chosen biometric system.

   5.1.3. Statistics and Test Size

   The following sections describe the statistical analysis of the data which results from both on-line tests for assessment of FRR and off-line tests for assessment of FAR. Testing will result in a matrix of accepts and rejects for each verification transaction. This data can be used to calculate the upper-bound of the confidence interval through the bootstrapping method described in this section which are used in determining if TOE meets the Requirements set in Section Requirements..

   5.1.3.1. Bootstrapping: FAR

   Bootstrapping is a method of sampling with replacement for the estimation of the FAR distribution curve. Bootstrap calculations will be conducted according to [ISOIEC-19795-1]), Appendix B.4.2, where v(i) is a specific test subject, where i = 1 to n, where n is the total number of test subjects:

   1. Sample n test subjects with replacement v(1),...,v(n).
   2. For each v(i), sample with replacement (n-1) non-self templates.
   3. For each v(i), sample with replacement m transactions made by that test subject.
   4. This results in one bootstrap sample of the original data (i.e. a new set of data which has been sampled according to 1-3). Intra-person SHALL be avoided if more than one finger or eye is used for each subject.

   Please note that the bootstrapping algorithm works on the level of transactions and is agnostic of the individual attempts made in each transaction. As the FAR is the error rate that is tested here, it is not relevant whether a certain transaction comprised 1, 2 or the maximum number of allowed attempts.

   A false accept rate is obtained for each bootstrap sample. The steps above are repeated many times. At least 1,000 bootstrap samples SHALL be used, giving a false accept rate (FAR) for each. The distribution of the bootstrap samples for the false accept rate is used to approximate that of the observed false accept rate.

   1. One-sided upper 100(1-α)% confidence limit is computed from the resulting distribution, where the upper bound is set at 80%
   2. If the upper limit is below the FAR threshold (e.g. 1:10,000), there is reasonable confidence that the standard is met.

   Note: Simulations of the bootstrapping process were performed using settings required by FIDO in order to determine the mean FAR associated with Upper Bound of the Confidence interval. The following settings were used: 245 Subjects (n), 1 enrollment per subject, 5 verification transactions(m), 298,900 total impostor comparisons from N = nm(n−1), Errors were randomly distributed across the 298,900 comparisons, 1000 bootstraps created using ISO method. (Unlike this simulation, in the results from a laboratory test, it is possible to have fewer than 298,900 comparisons, as some transactions may result in a FTA.)

   Note: (continued) When the Upper Bound (UB) of the Confidence Interval of the bootstrap distribution is set to 1:10,000, the mean FAR is necessarily below 1:10,000. Table below provides the mean FAR associated with 68%, 80%, and 95 UB Confidence Intervals when the UB is set to 1:10,000. For example to achieve an 80% upper bound, in this simulation, the mean FAR is 1:13,000.

   Table: Mean of Bootstrapping Distribution Associated Different Upper Bounds of Confidence Interval set to 1:10,000

   Upper Bound (UB) of Confidence Interval Set to 1:10,000	Number of Errors to Achieve UB	Mean of FAR Bootstrap Distribution Associated with UB
   68%	27 (out of 298,900)	1/11,000
   80%	23 (out of 298,900)	1/13,000
   95%	17 (out of 298,900)	1/18,000

   Figure 1 provides a schematic of the bootstrap distribution and FAR requirement. A biometric sub-system passes biometric certification if the upper bound of the 80% one-sided confidence interval derived from the bootstrap distribution is less than 1:10,000.

   

   5.1.3.2. Bootstrapping: FRR

   Bootstrapping is a method of sampling with replacement for the estimation of the FRR distribution curve. Bootstrap calculations will be conducted according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], Appendix B.4.2, where v(i) is a specific test subject, where i = 1 to n, where n is the total number of test subjects:

   1. Sample n test subjects with replacement v(1),...,v(n).
   2. For each v(i), sample with replacement m transactions made by that test subject.
   3. This results in one bootstrap sample of the original data (i.e. a new set of data which has been sampled according to 1-3).

   A false reject rate is obtained for each bootstrap sample. The steps above are repeated many times. At least 1,000 bootstrap samples SHALL be used, giving a false reject rate (FRR) for each. The distribution of the bootstrap values for the false reject rate is used to approximate that of the observed false reject rate.

   1. One-sided upper 100(1-α)% confidence limit is computed from the resulting distribution, where the upper bound is set at 80%
   2. If the upper limit is below the FRR threshold (e.g. 3 in 100), there is reasonable confidence that the standard is met.

   5.1.3.3. Rule of 3: FAR

   In the event that there are zero errors in the set of zero-effort imposter comparisons, the TOE meets the FAR requirement on the basis of the "Rule of 3".

   Note: The "Rule of 3" method is utilized to establish an upper bound if there are zero errors in the test, according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], Appendix B.1.1. As long as the laboratory utilizes at least n=245 subjects, this results in n(n-1)/2 or 29890 combinations (N). Rule of 3 states the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval is 3/N, or 0.0100%. For an 80% upper bound, the upper bound is 1.61/N or 0.00535%, which meets the FIDO FAR requirement of 0.01%. The following table provides number of subjects needed to meet Rule of 3 for lower FAR and when two (a=2) instances (fingers or eyes) are used.

   Table: Rule of 3 for FAR

   Rule of 3 ([ISOIEC-19795-1])	FAR
   	0.0100%	0.0040%	0.0020%	0.0013%	0.0010%
   	1:10,000	1:25,000	1:50,000	1:75,000	1:100,000
   One unique sample per person (e.g., one finger or one eye)
   # of people needed (n)	245	390	550	675	775
   # Combinations-C = n(n-1)/2	29890	75855	150975	227475	299925
   Claimed error = 3/C (when zero errors in C combinations)	0.0100%	0.0040%	0.0020%	0.0013%	0.0010%
   Two unique sample per person (e.g., two fingers or two eyes)
   # people needed (n)	123	195	275	335	388
   # unique samples (a)	2	2	2	2	2
   # Combinations-C = (a2)*n*(n-1)/2	30012	75660	150700	223780	300312
   Claimed error = 3/C (when zero errors in C combinations)	0.0100%	0.0040%	0.0020%	0.0013%	0.0010%

   5.1.3.4. Rule of 3: FRR

   In the event that there are zero errors in the set of geniune comparisons, the TOE meets the FRR requirement on the basis of the Rule of 3.

   Note: The "Rule of 3" method can be utilized to establish an upper bound if there are zero errors in the test, according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], Appendix B.1.1. As long as the laboratory utilizes at least 245 people, this results in 245 genuine comparisons. Rule of 3 states the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval is 3/N (3/245) or 1.22%. For an 80% upper bound, the upper bound is 1.61/N or 0.65%, which is meets FIDO FRR requirement of 3%.

   5.1.4. Test Visits

   As this test is focused on False Accept Rate, collection from test subjects MAY occur in one visit.

   5.1.5. Test Environment

   In this context it should be noted that the definition of the testing environment of the TOE (which is based on the environment of the TOE described in the Allowed Integration Document) plays an important role in the context of the certification. For this reason, potential environment(s) shall also be described in the Allowed Integration Document. Every certificate will identify the testing environment that the biometric component has been tested under.

   The definition of the environment may also have an impact on the testing activities. Testing shall always be carried out under consideration of the intended environment. The test requirements in this document allow for a certain variation in environmental conditions. However, such variations have their limits. This could lead into a situation where the laboratory shall perform a test multiple times or with a larger amount of test subjects if a TOE has a very diverse definition of environments.

   The question of whether a specific intended environment will lead to additional requirements for testing has to be seen in the context of a specific Target of Evaluation and shall be discussed with the FIDO biometric secretariat during the review of the test plan. Environments that may lead to increased FRR (i.e. more inconvenience for the user) will not necessarily be evaluated as part of the testing plan. However, a testing plan may include multiple environments for cases where the TOE may have multiple configurations to address multiple environments.

   For example, this could include (1) a different operating point (e.g. threshold for the matcher) for a noisy environment or (2) a NIR-only face recognition in low/no light ( and visible light is used in normal light). If a TOE has multiple configurations that address different environments, then the TOE SHALL be tested for each configuration and the test plan SHALL incorporate the variations for the different environments that result in a different configuration.

   5.1.6. Template Adaptation

   Some systems perform template updates, that is, the enrollment template is adapted after successful verification transactions.

   Vendor SHALL inform the Laboratory whether template adaptation is employed and SHALL give instructions on what number of correct matches SHOULD be performed in order to have the TOE adequately trained before the testing. For the purposes of testing, the Template Adaptation SHALL be turned off, after the TOE has been fully trained on correct templates.

   Note: Template adaptation which requires an extensive amount of time may incur increased cost of the laboratory test.

   The offline software SHALL utilize enrollment templates in the same way as the online software.

   5.1.7. Enrollment

   Enrollment procedures SHALL be provided in writing to the Laboratory by the Vendor. These procedures SHALL be followed by the Test Crew. Instructions MAY be provided in any form, including interactive on screen guidance to the Test Subject. The Administrator SHALL record any FTE, if appropriate, with any divergence from enrollment instructions that MAY have caused the failure.

   5.1.8. Reporting Requirements

   5.1.8.1. Logging of test activities

   In addition to the reports, the laboratory SHALL maintain a log file in which each interaction (including all attempts from performance testing and all attempts from PAD testing) with the TOE is recorded. The log SHALL include all test attempts, all preprative attempts, management attempts (e.g. setting a threshold) and maintenance activities (e.g. cleaning a sensor). The log SHALL at least contain the following information for each entry:
   • Timestamp
   • Identity of the tester
   • Type of attempt
   • Expected outcome
   • Actual outcome

   The log SHOULD be written automatically by the TOE (cf. requirements for logging for test harness) whenever possible but will be to be augmented by manual entries that are not known to the TOE. The manual augmentation of the log file is necessary as the TOE does not have the required information to log for some events (e.g. the actual user who performed an impostor attempt under a wrong identity) or will even not be aware of some events (e.g. the fact that a sensor has been cleaned).

   The log MUST neither be submitted to FIDO nor the vendor but remain with the laboratory. It may be used to answer questions that arise in the context of the certification procedure and is accessible by FIDO upon request.

   5.1.9. Report to the FIDO

   The following SHALL be included in a report to the FIDO, following [ISOIEC-19795-1], 10.5:
   • Summary of the FIDO Biometric Certification and Requirements
   • Number of individuals tested
   • Distribution of Age
   • Distribution of Gender
   • Statement relating to selection of the test subjects and the representativeness of the people who will use the system in the real application environment.
   • Description of the Test Environment, such with enough information such that the test can be repeated
   • Description of the Test Platform
   • Distribution of the time lapsed between Enrollment and Acquisition
   • Number of enrollment transactions
   • Number of genuine verification transactions
   • Number of impostor verification transactions
   • Failure to Enroll Rate
   • Failure to Acquire Rate
   • False Reject Rate
   • False Accept Rate
   • Bootstrap Distribution

   Other items of value MAY include:

   • Distribution of ethnicity/race
   • Additional information as agreed upon between the lab and vendor

   The lab SHALL NOT include the identity and other personal information of the participants.

   A copy of the report SHALL be provided to vendor prior to being provided to FIDO.

   5.1.9.1. FIDO Reports

   FIDO will verify the biometric-related metadata according to the FIDO Metadata Statement ([FIDOMetadataStatement]) and FIDO Metadata Service ([FIDOMetadataService]).

   5.2. Test Methods

   Testing will be performed through a combination of Online and Offline Testing ([ISOIEC-19795-1]).

   5.2.1. Pre-Testing Activities

   Pre-test activities SHALL be performed according to [ISOIEC-19795-2]:

   • Section 6.1.8 Pre-test procedures

   • Section 6.1.8.1 Installation and validation of correct operation

   5.2.2. Online Testing

   This section will focus on Online Testing.

   To facilitate estimation of false accept rate, all enrollment templates and all captured biometric samples from all verification transactions are stored to allow for offline computation of the FAR.

   5.2.2.1. Online: Enrollment

   Enrollment SHALL be performed according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], 7.3.

   5.2.2.1.1. Pre-Enrollment

   Before enrollment test subjects MAY perform practice transactions.

   5.2.2.1.2. Enrollment Transactions

   Enrollment transactions SHALL be conducted without test operator guidance with the exception that the test operator may instruct the user to perform 5 genuine transactions. Additionally, the operator is allowed to provide guidance as far as it concerns the test situation. Any kind of guidance SHALL be provided by the biometric authentication system/capture sensor in a similar way to the final application.

   The enrollment process will be different depending on the biometric authentication system. This process MAY allow enrollment after one attempt, or MAY require multiple presentations and attempts. For testing, this process SHALL be similar to the final application.

   5.2.2.1.3. Enrollment Transaction Failures

   A failure to enroll SHALL be declared when the biometric authentication system is not able to generate a template for the test subjects after executing three enrollment transactions.

   5.2.2.2. Online: Genuine Verification Transaction

   Genuine verification transactions SHALL be performed according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], 7.4. This means that the following requirements SHALL be met:

   Genuine transaction data shall be collected in an environment, including noise, that closely approximates the target application. This test environment shall be consistent throughout the collection process. The motivation of test subjects, and their level of training and familiarity with the system, should also mirror that of the target application.

   The collection process should ensure that presentation and channel effects are either uniform across all users or randomly varying across users. If the effects are held uniform across users, then the same presentation and channel controls in place during enrolment should be in place for the collection of the test data. Systematic variation of presentation and channel effects between enrolment and test data will lead to results distorted by these factors. If the presentation and channel effects are allowed to vary randomly across test subjects, there shall be no correlation in these effects between enrolment and test sessions across all users.

   In the ideal case, between enrolment and the collection of test data, test subjects should use the system with the same frequency as the target application. However, this may not be a cost-effective use of the test crew. It may be better to forego any interim use, but allow re-familiarization attempts immediately prior to test data collection.

   For systems that may adapt the template after successful verification, some interim use between enrolment and collection of genuine attempt and transaction data may be appropriate. The amount of such use should be determined prior to data collection, and should be reported with results.

   The sampling plan shall ensure that the data collected are not dominated by a small group of excessively frequent, but unrepresentative users.

   Great care shall be taken to prevent data entry errors and to document any unusual circumstances surrounding the collection. Keystroke entry on the part of both test subjects and test administrators should be minimized. Data could be corrupted by impostors or genuine users who intentionally misuse the system. Every effort shall be made by test personnel to discourage these activities; however, data shall not be removed from the corpus unless external validation of the misuse of the system is available.

   Users are sometimes unable to give a usable sample to the system as determined by either the test administrator or the quality control module. Test personnel should record information on failure-to-acquire attempts where these would otherwise not be logged. The failure-to-acquire rate measures the proportion of such attempts, and is quality threshold dependent. As with enrolment, quality thresholds should be set in accordance with vendor advice.

   Test data shall be added to the corpus regardless of whether or not it matches an enrolled template. Some vendor software does not record a measure from an enrolled user unless it matches the enrolled template. Data collection under such conditions would be severely biased in the direction of underestimating false non-match error rates. If this is the case, non-match errors shall be recorded by hand. Data shall be excluded only for predetermined causes independent of comparison scores.

   All attempts, including failures-to-acquire, shall be recorded. In addition to recording the raw image data if practical, details shall be kept of the quality measures for each sample if available and, in the case of online testing, the matching score or scores.

   Note: Details for FIDO as they relate to the ISO requirements are discussed in the following sections.

   5.2.2.2.1. Pre-Verification

   Before genuine verification transactions test subjects MAY perform practice transactions.

   5.2.2.2.2. Genuine Verification Transaction

   Test Subjects SHALL conduct 5 genuine verification transactions. Genuine verification transactions SHALL be conducted without test operator guidance. Any kind of guidance SHALL be provided by the biometric authentication system / capture sensor in a similar manner to the final application.

   The verification process MAY be different depending on the biometric authentication system. This process MAY require multiple presentations. The verification transaction (maximum number of verification attempts and timeout period) for a TOE is defined in the Allowed Integration Document as described in Verification Transactions. A transaction SHOULD NOT exceed 30 seconds.

   The authenticator vendor SHALL describe to the Accredited Biometric Laboratory what constitutes the start and end of a verification transaction.

   The test harness SHALL provide the decisive sample(s) of a transaction for off-line testing, i.e., all data used to make the verification transaction decision.

   5.2.2.2.3. Genuine Verification Errors

   A failure to acquire SHALL be declared when the biometric authentication system is not able to capture and / or generate biometric features during a verification attempt (an FTA MAY happen per attempt). The on-line verification test harness SHALL indicate to the laboratory when a failure to acquire has occurred.

   Note: A failure to acquire will not be considered during off-line FAR testing.

   A false rejection error SHALL be declared when the biometric authentication fails to authenticate the test subjects after executing the complete verification transaction.

   The manner in which the laboratory records failure to acquire, false rejects, and true accepts are left to the laboratory, but SHALL be done automatically to avoid introducing human error.

   5.2.2.2.4. FRR

   False reject rate SHALL be calculated according to requirements in FRR and statistical analysis in Statistics and Test Size.

   5.2.3. Offline Testing

   Offline testing measures FAR and leverages all possible combinations between test subjects.

   5.2.3.1. Offline: Software Validation

   As the evaluation procedure might utilize online testing for the evaluation of false reject rate and offline testing for the evaluation of false accept rates, it is important for the evaluation laboratory to assure that the offline biometric functionality is a functionally equivalent to the online biometric functionality. The evaluation laboratory SHALL perform a series of genuine verification transaction tests online and offline and make sure that the results are the same.

   The on-line verification testing SHALL result in a sequence of stored verification transactions and decisions for every transaction that did not have a failure to acquire. The off-line verification testing SHALL run these stored verification transactions in the same order and SHALL result in the exact same sequence of decisions. The complete sequences SHALL be compared by the laboratory to ensure their identity.

   5.2.3.2. Offline: Verification Impostor Transactions

   5.2.3.2.1. Pre-Verification

   To facilitate estimation of false accept rate, all enrollment transactions and verification transactions are stored to allow for offline computation of the FAR.

   5.2.3.2.2. Verification Impostor Transaction

   The verification offline module provided by the vendor is used to compute all impostor (between person) combinations for estimating FAR.

   Verification impostor transactions SHALL be performed according to [ISOIEC-19795-1], 7.6.1.1b, 7.6.1.2b, 7.6.1.3, 7.6.1.4, and 7.6.3.1. Different fingers or irises from the same person SHALL NOT be compared according to [ISOIEC-19795-1] 7.6.1.3.

   5.2.3.2.3. Verification Impostor Transaction Failures

   The impostor verification process compares an enrollment template and a stored verification transaction from different persons.

   For fingerprint, up to four different fingers from a single person can be considered as different test subjects. For eye-based biometrics, both the left and right eye can be considered as two different test subjects. However, impostor scores between two fingerprints or two irises from a single person SHALL be excluded from computation of the FAR.

   A false accept error SHALL be declared if the stored verification transaction results in a match decision.

   Note: It is not possible to obtain an FTA rate for FAR Offline Testing. FTAs are not considered in Offline Testing.

   5.2.3.2.4. FAR

   False accept rate SHALL be calculated according to requirements in FAR and statistical analysis in Statistics and Test Size.

   5.3. Self-Attestation (Optional)

   5.3.1. Procedures for Self-Attestation and FIDO Accredited Biometrics Laboratory Confirmation using Independent Data (Optional)

   The previous sections are a description of certification by FIDO Accredited Biometrics Laboratory. The independent testing focuses on a maximum FAR level where the upper bound of the confidence interval for FAR MUST be less than 1:10,000 and FRR is [3:100]. Biometrics and platform vendors MAY choose to demonstrate a lower FAR: e.g. FAR @ 1:100,000 at a FRR of less than [3:100]. This section describes the processes for optional self-attestation for lower FAR of 1:X, e.g. 1:50,000 at the vendor’s discretion utilizing biometric data to which they have access.

   Self-attestation is optional. If the vendor chooses self-attestation, the following requirements apply. The vendor SHALL follow all procedures that were described in the Test Procedures with the following definitions and exceptions:

   • The Vendor SHALL attest to an FAR of [1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:75,000, or 1:100,000, or others?] at an FRR of less than [3:100].

   • The Vendor SHALL attest that the biometric system used for self-attestation is the same system functioning at the same operating point as the test harness submitted FIDO independent testing.

   • The number of subjects* SHALL follow the following table:

   Self-Attestation Number of Subjects

   	1:25,000	1:50,000	1:75,000	1:100,000
   Number of Subjects*	390	550	675	775

   *Up to four different fingers or two irises from a person MAY be used as different subjects.

   • To document that they followed the procedures the vendor SHALL provide a report which includes the information in Report to the Vendor.

   In addition, the laboratory SHALL compare the FAR bootstrap distribution generated as a result of the independent testing and determine if it is consistent with the self-attestation value. The mean of the bootstrap distribution SHALL be less than or equal to the self-attestation value.

   6. Test Procedures for Presentation Attack Detection (PAD)

   This section provides testing plan for Presentation Attack (Spoof) Detection. It focuses on presentation attacks which require minimal expertise. The testing SHALL be performed by the FIDO-accredited independent testing laboratory on the TOE provided by vendor. The evaluation measures the Impostor Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR), as defined in ISO 30107 Part 3.

   PAD Testing shall be completed by using the following approach.

   6.1. Test Crew

   The Test Crew is the Test Subjects gathered for evaluation.

   6.1.1. Number of Subjects

   Number of subjects for a test SHALL be 25.

   For fingerprints, PAD testing SHALL be constrained to the index, thumb, or middle fingers of the test subject.

   The same test subjects as used for FRR testing may be used for PAD testing.

   In the event there is an enrollment failure according to Enrollment Transaction Failures, an additional Subject SHALL be enrolled for each enrollment failure.

   6.1.2. Population

   The population SHALL be representative of the target market in relationship to age and gender. Age and gender recommendations are taken from [ISOIEC-19795-5] for access control applications (Section 5.5.1.2 and 5.5.1.3). The following targets SHALL be used for age and gender. Minor deviations from these numbers may be acceptable if agreed by the FIDO biometric secretariat.

   6.1.2.1. Age

   Age Distribution Requirements

   Age	Distribution
   < 18	0%
   18-30	25-40%
   31-50	25-40%
   51-70	25-40%
   > 70	0%

   6.1.2.2. Gender

   Gender Distribution Requirements

   Gender	Distribution
   Male	40-60%
   Female	40-60%

   Note: As indicated in [ISOIEC-19795-1], ideally, the test subjects SHOULD be chosen at random from a population that is representative of the people who will use the system in the real application environment. In some cases, however, the test subjects do not accurately represent the real-world users. If the test crew comes from the vendor’s employee population, they MAY differ significantly from the target users in terms of educational level, cultural background, and other factors that can influence the performance with the chosen biometric system.

   6.1.3. Test Visits

   Collection from test subjects MAY occur in one visit.

   6.1.4. Enrollment

   Enrollment procedures SHALL be provided in writing to the Laboratory by the Vendor. These procedures SHALL be followed by the Test Crew. Instructions MAY be provided in any form, including interactive on screen guidance to the Test Subject. The Administrator SHALL record any FTE, if appropriate, with any divergence from enrollment instructions that MAY have caused the failure.

   6.1.5. Reporting Requirements

   6.1.5.1. Test Reports

   The following SHALL be included in a report to the vendor, following (ISO/IEC 19795-1, 10.5):

   • Summary of the FIDO Biometric Certification and Requirements
   • Number of individuals tested
   • Distribution of Age
   • Distribution of Gender
   • Statement relating to selection of the test subjects and the representativeness of the people who will use the system in the real application environment. (This statement does not apply to age and gender which are reported separately.)
   • Description of the Test Environment
   • Description of the Test Platform
   • Number of enrollment transactions
   • Number of verification transactions
   • Failure to Enroll Rate
   • Failure to Acquire Rate
   And the following from (ISO/IEC 30107-3, 13.1):
   • Number and description of presentation attack instruments, PAI species, and PAI series used in the evaluation
   • number of test subjects involved in the testing
   • number of artefacts created per test subject for each material tested
   • number of sources from which artefact characteristics were derived
   • number of tested materials
   • Impostor attack presentation accept rate (IAPAR)
   • Number of impostor attack presentation transactions

   Please note that the log SHALL also include all information about the PAD tests.

   6.1.5.2. FIDO Reports

   FIDO will verify Metadata according to the Biometric Assurance Metadata Requirements.

   6.2. Test Methods

   Testing will be performed through Online Testing using the Common Test Harness defined in Common Test Harness (Optional).

   6.2.1. Pre-Testing Activities

   Pre-test activities SHALL be performed according to [ISOIEC-19795-2]:

   • Section 6.1.8 Pre-test procedures

   • Section 6.1.8.1 Installation and validation of correct operation

   6.2.2. Testing for PAD

   This section will focus on PAD Testing.

   6.2.3. Enrollment

   Each subject SHALL be enrolled. Enrollment SHALL be performed according to ISO/IEC 19795-1, 7.3. Presentation attacks will be performed against this enrollment. Similar to FRR/FAR testing, enrollment transactions will be performed without operator guidance and is flexible with regard to the vendor in that in may allow multiple presentation for the enrollment.

   The test lab SHALL also collect biometric characteristic data required for creating a Presentation Attack Instrument. For example, for fingerprint, a copy of the enrolled person’s fingerprint is needed and can be acquired via collection of a fingerprint image on a second fingerprint scanner or by leaving a latent print. The method used to acquire the biometric characteristic SHALL be consistent with the recipe of each Presentation Attack Instrument Species to be tested.

   6.2.4. PAI Species

   A Presentation Attack Instrument (PAI) is the device used when mounting a presentation attack. A PAI species is a set of PAIs which use the same production method, but only differ in the underlying biometric characteristic. Table 1 is a high level description of presentation attacks by level. The next section provides additional detail of PAI species for each modality.

   The laboratory SHALL select PAI species appropriate for biometric modality of the TOE.

   PAI Species are described at a high level for fingerprint, face, iris/eye, and voice. If the TOE is a different biometric modality than these, the vendor SHALL propose to a set of PAI species for Levels A and B for FIDO’s approval. Upon FIDO approval, the test laboratory can proceed with PAD evaluation.

   6.2.5. PAD Evaluation with Presentation Attack Instruments (PAI)

   Based upon the prior section, the test laboratory SHALL select six Level A and six Level B Presentation Attack Instrument Species to be used in the evaluation.

   Three of six Level B PAI Species SHALL be tailored to the underlying technology. The PAI Species SHALL be selected by the laboratory and SHALL be approved by the FIDO Biometric Secretariat. Access to the TOE would be necessary. One Presentation Attack Instrument (PAI) shall be created for each PAI species and each enrolled test subject.

   Note: If the test laboratory creates PAIs for 12 selected PAI species and 25 enrolled subjects, the test lab would have to create 300 instruments. Examples of different PAI species include PlayDoh, gelatin using recipe 1, gelatin using recipe 2, and ABC Brand wood glue.

   The 25 subjects SHALL have variation in age and gender as well as be representative of the underlying population. Additional target guidance are provided in Section 5.1.2.

   The recipes, procedures, and materials to be used for the selected PAI species shall be provided by the Accredited Biometric Laboratory to the vendor well in advance of testing. Recipes SHALL be provided to the FIDO Secretariat. The FIDO Secretariat SHALL ensure that PAI Species selected and created are relatively equivalent between laboratories.

   A check SHALL be performed on each PAI or batch of PAIs to ensure that it is “valid”, i.e. validating that the batch of PAI species captures the biometric characteristic, is prepared properly, and performs as expected. For example, this check could be performed on a test laboratory reference biometric system that the laboratory determines is sufficiently similar to the TOE without PAD by observing the biometric image. The laboratory SHALL document their method for determining that a PAI is valid and submit as part of the report to FIDO and the vendor.

   If a PAI degrades, additional PAIs SHOULD be created for each enrolled subject.

   For each built artefact, the laboratory shall verify the quality of the artefact before using it in tests. The scope of this quality check is to ensure that the artefact is suitable for verification against the original biometric template of the test subject.

   The quality check can be performed in multiple ways. The particular implementation depends on the biometric modality being tested and the sensor technology. Existing examples of such quality checks include

   • the calculation of an NFIQ2 value for fingerprint images obtained from the arteact

   • performing a successful verification with the artefact on a different biometric system without PAD or with disabled PAD

   6.2.5.1. Impostor Presentation Attack Transactions

   For each enrollment, the test lab operator SHALL conduct 10 impostor presentation attack transactions for each PAI.  Any kind of guidance SHALL be provided by the biometric authentication system/capture sensor in similar manner to the final application.  The verification transaction (maximum number of verification attempts and timeout period) for a TOE is defined in the Allowed Integration Document as described in Verification Transactions. The transaction SHOULD not exceed 30 seconds.  The PAI SHALL be presented the maximum number of attempts allowed for a transaction OR until it matches (which results in an error).

   Note: Some presentations may be more successful than others at matching or bypassing PAD. The test crew SHOULD allow for natural variability in presentation of the PAI across the ten transactions.

   Note:  25 PAIs will be created for each PAI Species, one for each of 25 enrolled subjects and 10 imposter presentation attacks transactions will be conducted for each PAI.  Therefore, each PAI species will have 250 transactions.  To achieve a IAPAR of 7%, there is a maximum of 17 of 250 errors for each PAI species in order to pass certification.

   Note: If it should become clear that a certain kind of material that has been selected for testing is not recognized by the TOE at all (i.e. the TOE does not respond by a rejection, acceptance, or request to try again), the tester may skip the rest of the impostor transactions for the artefacts of this material. Lab SHALL test at least three PAIs for that material before determining that it is not recognized by the TOE. This shall be documented in the report. In this case, an IAPAR of 0% shall be recorded as well as the number of PAIS and transactions for the material, and that the testing skipped the remaining PAIs.

   6.2.5.1.1. Impostor Presentation Attack Errors

   A failure to acquire SHALL be declared when the biometric authentication system is not able to capture and / or generate biometric features during a verification transaction. The on-line verification test harness SHALL indicate to the laboratory when a failure to acquire has occurred.

   A impostor presentation attack match error SHALL be declared if the biometric authentication system produces a match decision.

   The manner in which the laboratory records failure to acquire and impostor presentation attack errors are left to the laboratory, but SHALL be done automatically to avoid introducing human error.

   Note: A verification transaction ends when a decision is made. One or more failures to acquire may occur prior to a decision. The verification transaction (maximum number of verification attempts and timeout period) for a TOE is defined in the Allowed Integration Document as described in Verification Transactions. A failure to acquire for an impostor presentation attack transaction counts as a transaction and does not count as an error, as some systems may produce a failure to acquire in response to a detected presentation attack.

   6.2.5.1.2. IAPAR

   Imposter Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR) SHALL be calculated according to requirements in Imposter Attack Presentation Accept Rate (IAPAR) .

   Appendix A: Triage of Presentation Attacks by Attack Potential Levels #

   For the modalities that can be evaluated by the FIDO test procedures, presentation attacks are described at a high level in Table 1. Table 1 triages presentation attacks into levels based an increasing level of difficulty to mount, based on frameworks from Common Criteria and applied to biometric presentation attacks in [[FingerprintRecognition], [SOFA-B], [PresentationsAttacksSpoofs], [PAD], [BEAT]]. In ISO 30107-Part 3, this is called the attack potential, defined as the “measure of the capability to attack a TOE given the attacker’s knowledge, proficiency, resources and motivation.”

   In , the factors are as follows:

   1. Elapsed time: <=one day, <=one week, <=one month, >one month
   2. Expertise: layman, proficient, expert, multiple experts
   3. Knowledge of TOE: public, restricted, sensitive, critical
   4. Access to the TOE/Window of Opportunity: easy, moderate, difficult
   5. Equipment: standard, specialized, bespoke
   6. Access to biometric characteristics: immediate, easy, moderate, difficult
   Elapsed time includes time required to create the attack. The definitions for each of the factors are the same as in Section 4.5 in [BEAT].

   In [BEAT], these factors are considered for both the Identification and the Exploitation phase. In other words, the factors are scored differently for the phase when the attacker in the process of identifying the attack compared to the phase where they are actually mounting or exploiting the attack once it has been identified.

   For FIDO use case, for Identification phase, we assume that Knowledge of the TOE is “public” and Access to TOE/Window of Opportunity is “easy”, since it would be quite trivial to purchase a sample of the TOE.

   1. Knowledge of TOE: public
   2. Access to the TOE/Window of Opportunity: easy
   Since these factors are generally the same for the majority of FIDO use cases, they are not considered further.

   Note: The Window of Opportunity for Biometric Authenticators is impacted by rate-limits on user verification transactions, as required in FIDO Authenticator Security Requirements, Requirement 3.9.

   In order to simplify for FIDO use case, we have collapsed the remaining characteristics into three levels and are described in the next sections. The level rating may change over time as information regarding mountimg an attack will be more broadly disseminated. As such, it is expected that the FIDO Biometric Requirements would be updated in the future to reflect this shift.

   The difference of scoring for identification versus exploitation is not considered.

   Spoof presentation attack examples separated by levels based on time, expertise, and equipment

   		Fingerprint	Face	Iris/Eye	Voice
   Level A	Time: < 1 day Expertise: Layman Equipment: Standard	paper printout, direct use of latent print on the scanner	paper printout of face image, mobile device display of face photo	paper printout of face image, mobile device display of face photo	replay of audio recording
   	Source of Biometric Characteristic: Immediate, easy	latent fingerprint on the device	photo from social media	photo from social media	recording of voice
   Level B	Time: < 7 days Expertise: Proficient Equipment: Standard, Specialized	fingerprints made from artificial materials such as gelatin, silicon.	paper masks, video display of face (with movement and blinking)	video display of an iris (with movement and blinking); printed iris w/ contact lens/doll eye	replay of audio recording of specific pass phrase, voice mimicry
   	Source of Biometric Characteristic: Moderate	latent print, stolen fingerprint image	video of subject, high quality photo	video of subject, high quality photo	recording of voice of specific phrase, high quality recording
   Level C	Time: > 7 days Expertise: Expert(s) Equipment: Specialized, bespoke	3D printed spoofs	silicon masks, theatrical masks	contact lens/prosthetic eye with a specific pattern	voice synthesizer
   	Source of Biometric Characteristic: Difficult	3D fingerprint information from subject	high quality photo, 3D face information from subject	high quality photo in Near IR	multiple recordings of voice to train synthesizer

   Level A

   Level A attacks are quite simple to carry out and require relatively little time, expertise, or equipment. Biometric characteristics under attack are quite easy to obtain (e.g. face image from social media, fingerprint from the device and reused directly).

   1. Elapsed time: <=one day
   2. Expertise: Layman
   3. Equipment: Standard
   4. Access to biometric characteristics: Immediate, easy

   Level B

   Level B attacks require more time, expertise and equipment. Additionally, the difficulty to acquire the biometric characteristic is higher (e.g., stolen fingerprint image, high quality video of a person’s face).

   1. Elapsed time: <=one week
   2. Expertise: Proficient
   3. Equipment: Standard, Specialized
   4. Access to biometric characteristics: Moderate
   If at least one of these characteristics reaches the levels listed above, the attack is categorized as Level B.

   Level C

   Level C includes the most difficult attacks.

   1. Elapsed time: <=one month, >one month
   2. Expertise: Expert, multiple experts
   3. Equipment: Specialized, bespoke
   4. Access to biometric characteristics: Difficult
   If at least one of these characteristics reaches the levels listed above, the attack is categorized as Level C.

   PAI Species for Fingerprint

   Level A attacks for spoofing a fingerprint biometric are to retrieve and print an image of a fingerprint which can be obtained through taking a image of a dusted latent fingerprint. This requires equipment that is readily available to most individuals and requires very little skill. Examples of different Presentation Attack Instrument Species (PAI Species) for Level A are a set of fingerprint images printed on inkjet printers or laser printers. Each make/model of the printer would be considered a species. In addition, preprocessing could be used to enhance the image. Any alterations such as this would be categorized as a different PAI species. Some TOEs may be based on a photograph of a person’s finger(s). Level A spoof attacks for this type of fingerprint TOE could include a low resolution photograph a person’s hand. In attacks of this type, photographs may happen to include a hand, but are likely to be of low resolution.

   Level B attacks for spoofing a fingerprint biometric are to retrieve and print an image of a fingerprint which can be obtained through taking a image of a dusted latent fingerprint or retrieving a stolen fingerprint image from a database or other source of stolen fingerprint images. Level B attacks are similar to Level A attacks, except rather than simply printing a fingerprint image, the image could be converted into a mold. A mold could be created through etching a printed circuit board, laser etching, or simply printing a fingerprint image on a transparency. Once a mold is created, a PAI (or cast) can be created by placing other materials such as gelatin, silicon, play-doh, etc into the mold. The difficulty of making the translation from a 2D fingerprint image to a mold moves this attack from Level A to Level B. Additives could be added to the PAI to increase conductivity such as graphite or lotion. Any alterations such as this would be categorized as a different PAI species. Some TOEs may be based on a photograph of a person’s finger(s). In additional to attacks based on materials like gelatin or PlayDoh, Level B spoof attacks for this type of fingerprint TOE could include a high resolution photograph or a video of a person’s hand.

   Level C attacks are more elaborate and capture additional information such as pores, veins, sweating, and 3D details. PAI could also be a 3D printed finger. Some molds may also be more elaborate, such as 3D printing. Level C PAIs take more time to create, are more expensive, require experts to prepare, and need a high resolution and/or 3D finger information.

   Note: For creation of Presentation Attack Instruments (PAI) during testing, test subjects will provide biometric characteristics on which the PAI will be based through pressing their finger on a surface creating a latent print (Level A and above), taking a low-resolution photograph (Level A), capturing their fingerprint on a fingerprint scanner (Level B and above), or taking a high-resolution photograph (Level B and above). Fingerprint molds obtained from an individual through pressing a finger into silicon or other molding material are out of scope. Future PAD testing may include molds of fingerprint when attacks of this type impact FIDO-based use cases.

   Table of Example PAI Species for Fingerprint

   Species	Level
   latent fingerprint captured and printed on inkjet or laser printer	A
   Low resolution photograph of a person’s fingers	A
   Fingerprint molds created using PCB or laser etching	B
   Fingerprint molds created by printing on a transparency	B
   Casts made from molds listed above with materials such as gelatin or silicone	B
   Same as previous with graphite or other material placed on surface of mold or PAIs	B
   High resolution photograph of a person’s fingers	B
   Laser etching a fingerprint directly on materials such as rubber or silicone	B
   Video (low or high resolution) of a person’s fingers	B
   3D printed molds and/or PAIs	C
   Fingerprint models which capture sweating, veins, blood flow or more sophisticated finger information	C

   Note: Some TOEs may involve multiple fingerprints. PAIs should be created for each finger that is used in making a decision.

   PAI Species for Face

   Level A attacks for spoofing a face biometric are to retrieve and utilize a photograph of the individual under attack. For example, an attacker can copy a photograph from a social media site and print the photograph or display the photo on a mobile device to the biometric recognition system. This requires equipment that is readily available to most individuals and requires very little skill. Examples of different Presentation Attack Instrument Species (PAI Species) for Level A are a set of face images printed on inkjet printers, laser printers, or photographs printed at a photograph laboratory. Each make/model of the printer would be considered a species. In addition, preprocessing could be used to enhance a photograph, as well as holes could be cut out for the eyes, nose, mouth, or outline of face. Any alterations such as this would be categorized as a different PAI species. Examples of different PAI species for displayed photos on mobile devices would be changing a phone, tablet, and computer monitor make/models.

   Note: Some face recognition systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera. However, photographs of an individual taken in the visible spectrum could be used a source of the face biometric characteristics for creation of a PAI. Preprocessing the RGB image may be needed, such as only selecting the red channel. NIR reflectance of the printed photograph may also be impacted by the make and model of the printer used.

   Note: Some face recognition systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera for which mobile display of face may not be feasible for most device makes and models.

   Level B attacks are similar to Level A attacks, except rather than a face photograph, a video of the subject is needed. The difficulty in acquiring a video rather than a photograph is what moves it from Level A to Level B; even though it is possible, it is less likely to obtain a video of a person compared to a photograph. Additionally, with a high resolution face image, it is possible to create a paper mask of the person. This requires proficient expertise and therefore is also included as a Level B attack. Examples of different PAI species for displayed videos on electronic devices would be changing a phone, tablet, and computer monitor make/models.

   Note: As with Level A, some face recognition systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera for which mobile display of face or face video may not be feasible for most device make and models.

   Level C attacks involve more elaborate masks that are not made of paper, but rather other specialized materials (e.g. ceramic, silicone). These masks take more time to create, are more expensive, and need a high resolution photograph and/or 3D information. 3D information can also be derived from a 2D photo using sophisticated computer vision techniques. Masks include rigid 3D with and without eye holes, flexible silicone masks, and 3D printed, color face replicas. A video can also be created by using sophisticated computer vision which animates a 2D image of a person’s face to blink, smile, or speak (e.g. DeepFake).

   Note: Twins or genetically identical siblings may be more likely to have a similar face signature. We have not included twins or genetically identical siblings in the attacks that are being tested.

   Table of Example PAI Species for Face

   Species	Level
   Face image printed on inkjet or laser printer	A
   Face image printed at photograph laboratory	A
   Displayed photos on electronic/mobile devices	A
   Displayed videos on electronic/mobile devices	B
   Paper masks	B
   Masks made of specialized materials (ceramic, silicone, and/or theatrical)	C
   3D printed faces	C
   Video of 2D image of a person animated to blink, smile, or speak (e.g. DeepFake)	C

   PAI Species for Iris/Eye

   Level A attacks for spoofing an iris or eye biometric are to retrieve and utilize a photograph of the individual under attack. For example, an attacker can copy a photograph from a social media site and print the photograph or display the photo on a mobile device to the biometric recognition system. This requires equipment that is readily available to most individuals and requires very little skill. Examples of different Presentation Attack Instrument Species (PAI Species) for Level A are a set of images of an iris or eye printed on inkjet printers, laser printers, or photographs printed at a photograph laboratory. Each make/model of the printer would be considered a species. In addition, preprocessing could be used to enhance a photograph, as well as holes could be cut out for the pupils. Any alterations such as this would be categorized as a different PAI species. Examples of different PAI species for displayed photos on mobile devices would be changing a phone, tablet, and computer monitor make/models.

   Note: A majority of iris systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera. For example, in typical visible spectrum images, the iris pattern does not show for dark eyes, but may be visible for light colored eyes (e.g. blue). Thus, photographs of an individual taken in the visible spectrum may not be an effective source of the iris biometric characteristics and needs to be considered when constructing an attack. Preprocessing the RGB such as only selecting the red channel may be needed.

   Note: A majority of iris systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera for which mobile display of iris may not be feasible for most device make and models.

   Level B attacks are similar to Level A attacks, except rather than a photograph, a video of the subject is needed. The difficulty in acquiring a video rather than a photograph is what moves it from Level A to Level B; even though it is possible, it is assumed to be more difficult to obtain a video of a person compared to a photograph. This requires proficient expertise and therefore is also included as a Level B attack. Examples of different PAI species for displayed videos on electronic devices would be changing a phone, tablet, and computer monitor make/models. Another example of a Level B attack is inserting a printed iris into a fake eye that is readily available, e.g. doll eye. A printed eye with a contact lens on top is another example of a Level B attack.

   Note: As with Level A, a majority of iris systems utilize NIR illumination and a NIR camera for which mobile display of iris may not be feasible for most device make and models.

   Level C attacks involve more elaborate eye prosthetics that are not made of paper, but rather silicon or materials that have similar spectral characteristics as human eye and/or iris. These prosthetics take more time to create, are more expensive, and need a high resolution photograph, 3D information, and/or spectral characteristics of the eye and/or iris.

   Table of Example PAI Species for Iris/Eye

   Species	Level
   Iris/eye image printed on inkjet or laser printer	A
   Iris/eye image printed at photograph laboratory	A
   Displayed Iris/eye photos on electronic/mobile devices	A
   Displayed Iris/eye videos on electronic/mobile devices	B
   Printed iris/eye inserted in fake eye	B
   Printed eye with contact lens on top	B
   Prosthetic eye	C
   Prosthetic eye with similar spectral characteristics to human eye	C

   PAI Species for Voice

   Level A attacks for spoofing a voice biometric are to retrieve and utilize a voice recording of the individual under attack. For example, an attacker can record the voice of the individual and replay their voice to the biometric recognition system. This requires equipment that is readily available to most individuals and requires very little skill. Examples of different Presentation Attack Instrument Species (PAI Species) for Level A are a set of voice recordings replayed on different speakers. Each make/model of the recording device and speakers to replay the voice would be considered a species. In addition, preprocessing could be used to enhance the audio. Any alterations such as this would be categorized as a different PAI species. Equipment used for preprocessing, recording, and replay should be standard, readily available, easy to use equipment.

   Level B attacks are similar to Level A attacks, except rather than any voice recording, a recording of a specific passphrase is needed. The difficulty in acquiring a recording of specific set of words rather than any words is what moves it from Level A to Level B; even though it is possible, it is less likely to obtain a recording of a specific passphrase. Also, multiple speech recordings from a person could be used to attack the system by cutting portions of words needed in a phrase using commodity off the shelf audio editors. Additionally, high quality recording and replay equipment also would be considered a Level B attack, where each equipment set-up would be considered a different PAI. Leval B attacks also include readily available voice synthesizers which can take a recording of a voice, build a model of that voice, and replay a person speaking any words.

   Note: Text-independent systems may be vulnerable to any recording, where text-dependent systems are vulnerable to a recording of the specific pass-phrase.

   Level C attacks involve more sophisticated voice synthesizers which are built using speech samples from a large population, then tuned for a specific individual. These models take more time to create, require more skill, and need high resolution, long recordings to build accurate models. A person may also be skilled in the art of impersonation where they attempt to mimic someone else.

   Note: Twins or genetically identical siblings may be more likely to have a similar voice signature. We have not included twins or genetically identical siblings in the attacks that are being tested.

   Table of Example PAI Species for Voice

   Species	Level
   Recording a voice saying any words from readily available equipment for recording and playback	A
   Recording a voice saying specific passphrase from readily available equipment for recording and playback	B
   Recordings of a specific passphrase created by cutting and pasting together words using readily available software	B
   High quality recording a voice saying any words from high end equipment for recording and playback	B
   Readily available, inexpensive voice synthesizers which can be trained based on short recordings of an individual and playback any words	B
   More sophisticated voice synthesizer which can playback any words, trained from long, high quality recordings or a database of recordings	C
   Impersonation, where an attacker is able to mimic a person’s voice	C